Post Independence War Period

At the end of Dutch colonialism the existed political organizations or parties have been ideologically influenced by nationalism, religion and socialism. But the main political target of them all remain foccused to reach liberty or freedom for the whole Indonesia. But after gaining independence as Republic Indonesia in a union state, certain islamic and socialistic components wanted to have a state based on their ideology e.g. Darul Islam/Negara Islam Indonesia(Kartosuwiryo in West Java begun 1948, Andi Azis in South Sulawesi and Daud Bereueh in Aceh) and Negara Sosialis / Komunis Indonesia in Madiun and in Jakarta. The DI-TII movement ended in 1963 and G30S ended in 1968.
There were 3 periods of regimes which have been dominantly determine the political direction of RI namely :
1. Sukarno Regime with 'Politik adalah Panglima' based on political analysis and consideration that revolution was not yet ended . RI should remain struggling against neocolonialism and capitalism/imperialism. RI should self sustaining and have free but active politics between two blocks which were in cold- war condition. Later on as a member of non alligned and took leadership of 'the new emerging forces'. Because Irian dispute had still not yet ended till that time (1962, 14 years after Round Table Conference !), Sukarno damned United Nations and will change it and build a new consisting of new emerging countries. Sukarno then announced 'Trikora' and well sucessfull to free the 5th biggest island from Dutch colonialism ! The US supported Indonesian claim becauce very interested to the mineral wealth of the island.
Though the threat of building New United Nations was very dangerous political movement of the new emerging forces. Most western countries especially the US and British with their international intel had full effort to resist this by attempting changing the political leaders in the popular new emerging countris. And well they had been successful, Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel Nazer (Egypt), Pandit Yawaharlal Nehru (India) and Prince Sihanouk (Camboja) were fallen down in sequent and changed by pro- western government leaders. Hence, Sukarno was remained himself nomore friends !
Next provocation for Sukarno was the building of new neighboring state called Malaysia covering Malaca and North British Kalimantan which considered as challenge from British Neocolonial against RI. Sukarno had reacted immediatly and considered that Malaysia is just a British puppet, announced 'Dwikora' but then not fully supported by the Army. Dwikora was only supported by Navy/Marine KKO, Air Force and remaining loyal Army. Dwikora was failed, many of the intruders were captured and sentenced to death by the British Force. Why Army did not suport Dwikora ?
After Madiun affair (1948), the religion facties under Masyumi, the socialistic under Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI Syahrir) and Army under influenced of PSI (A.H.Nasution cs) were opposed Sukarno who did not liquidize the communist faction and either more considered too close to Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). This disappointment became silent but dangerous conflict which continued internally among them. The first attemp was realized by 'militairy coup' done under command of A.H.Nasution in October 17th, 1952.
Sukarno government held the first public election in 1955, the result had proved that PKI was the 4th biggest party in Indonesia. Then it could not be neglected. In the same year held the First Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung including North Korea, People Republic of China and North Vietnam.
In 1956, Moh.Hatta resigned as Vice President which also stopped practically the bounding of 'Dwi Tunggal'(duumvirate ). The reason was that from the first beginning, both Sukarno-Hatta, were actually not matched in personal character and habit. The latest, Hatta dissagreed the results of round table conference was cancelled and continued with confrontation actions concerning New Guinea Dispute against Royal Dutch Govt.
In 1957 the attemp of local Army commanders (North, West, South Sumatera and North Sulawesi) built their own assemblies/Dewan to trade or bartering freely with foreign countries, without Jakarta permit. These came to maximum subordinate actions by proclaiming PRRI (Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia) in West Sumatera, and PERMESTA in North Sulawesi. Very interested an American pilot, Allan Pope, had been captured after he shot down at time he attacked navy war ship/ALRI in Balikpapan East Kalimantan. Western Neocolonialist was evidently behind and supported the military commanders' movements !
In 1959 responded the the political challenge, Sukarno announced a Political Manifest 'Manipol USDEK'(self reliant in politics, economics based on Panca Sila or Gotong Royong) and NASAKOM to unite all political factions (nasional-agama-komunis) which already existed in Indonesia since a long time ago.
The opposition was of course dissagreed to that. Sukarno was compulsary dismissed Masyumi and PSI and let the hypocratic leaders in jailed or sending them abroad. The disobeyed army commanders included A.H Nasution, got only non-active sanctions but no longger, also part of the officers, to be incharged again !
When Dwikora was failed, Jakarta was surprised by the so called 'Gilchrist Document' (Gilchrist was that time British Ambassador in Indonesia) detected by govt. intel BAKIN. This document contained welcoming statement from certain Indonesian Army generals in case the British will make military invasion to Indonesia.
The failure of Dwikora made the healthy of Sukarno was issued seriously disturbed. The Nasution Army group and Communist PKI each of them made preparation to combat in order to seize control of government in case Sukarno pass away. The political situation was very critical, both sides accused eah other will make a coup ! In such situation CIA intensified the action!
This crisis reaching the top, when a group of army under command of Leutn. Colonel Untung kidnapped certain top ranking Army generals, in the early morning of first October 1965. According to Untung in his next trial court (mahmilub/special court martial), actually the generals would be carried to the presidential palace to meet Sukarno and let them clarify the issues of disorders and unloyalities to the state/government. But in practiced that was very difficult. The generals would of course refuse, and in the otherhand the soldiers incharged with their sentiments/disgrudge against unloyality of the generals, would do the instruction with force and strong compulsion. All generals were then evidently assassinated, and burried in the same pit located at a village called Lubang Buaya. Except AH. Nasution could escape and still alive. He could safely reached 'Kostrad' and met Chief Commander Suharto.
There was rumors about this movement, especially came from anti Sukarno sides, that the movement was known by Sukarno. But there was a presidential schedule as authentic data mentioned that in the 1st October 1965, Sukarno invited Ahmad Yani did a breakfast together with him with informal talk about the political situation. This proved that Sukarno did not know at all about the movement !
Lately after Subandrio got amnesty and freed from the imprisonment, in his book he made analysis that Kamaruzaman from the special bureau/biro khusus PKI worked as CIA double agent, influenced Untung and made all the plan of the movement. His bureau was so special that even the CCPKI did'nt know about the plan ! Afterwards, when his plan was successful he got big bonus and live savely in the US. This clarification was of course believable, because Subandrio beside as first assistant prime minister/Waperdam I he also held position as Chief Govt. Intel/Bakin that time.
Suharto knew Untung and Latief since long time, and knew they were 'progressive revolutioner' militairy members, because they were his staff when Suharto as Comander in Chief in Diponegoro/Mid Java Militairy Division.
In the same trial court Latief said, that he gave information about the movement against the top ranking generals to Suharto a night before, when he visited his son Tommy who was ill that time. Suharto just nodded his head without any reaction and comment. Why ? Latief told the Court:
Suharto had a deep vengeans to Nasution and A.Yani because they moved him to School of Army Commanders and Staff in Bandung while he held the position of Diponegoro Commander. The reason was he had being his hobby of trading or smuggling (?) with his partner named Lim Sioe Liong. However, because he had no scientific military back ground, he no longer could manage the school and moved to be incharged as Mandala Commander during Trikora in Makasar. After Trikora ended he moved again to Jakarta held position as Commander of Kostrad, a new Army institution. He had so dissapointed feeling that those movement of positions were only as military sanctions or banishment to him.
Latief analysis when he was in jail, that Suharto nodded his head that time meant: "OK man, try to do that ! I support if you success, but I will crush you down if you fail !
The fact AH. Nasution was still alive, whielst Suharto still respected him as a most senior general though he did bear a grudge to him. Then, Latief and Untung sentenced to death !
Because almost all the Army Staff generals were killed, Suharto taken over the position of Army Chief Commander.
He had his own target, firstly to dismiss PKI and then overthrow Sukarno from all his positions. For realizing this he remembered two old friends, Yoga Sugama and Ali Murtopo, who he considered very smart generals when they sponsored him to become Chief Commander of Diponegoro Division, instead of Bambang Supeno recommended by Govt. that time ( According to Subandrio'book).
His instruction to them was to create 'a creaping coup' against Sukarno. The two generals then had a trick invention creating a letter as instruction mandate from Sukarno to Suharto to return the security and stability of the state. The letter was made actually by the Army or Suharto group but should be signed up by Sukarno.
For handed in this to Sukarno, again very smart thinking of Suharto, he sent deligates represented by generals from different ethnics namely Basuki Rachmat (Javanese), Amir Machmud (West Java, Sunda), Moch. Jusuf (Sulawesi, Bugis) and M.Panggabean (Sumatera, Batak). While he , tricky Suharto, was said a little bit ill, similarly as some days before when there was a meeting in Istana Jakarta/presidential palace. He couldn't come to the meeting, but ordered instruction to his Ass. Commander Kemal Idris made an anarchy 'mass demonstration' consisting of 'students' (actually plus army members) punchering/deflating tires of all parked ministers motor cars. Sukarno and his vice prime ministers leaving in a hurry the palace for Istana Bogor by helicopter.
According to some witnesses, in there trial, the map consisting the mandate delivered by Moh.Jusuf. When Sukarno hesitated to sign after reading it, Basuki Rachmat put his revolver against his forehead and said : "Please sign it quickly, we had nomore time to wait !. A day after, all the persons who working at Istana Bogor were captured and arrested , included the security army members who became witnesses after they free from their imprisonment, many years after. People surprised that before Basuki Rahmat was a popular Sukarno's loyalist, but might be the same to him very surprised that no longer after, he died!
Just a day after receiving the 'sneaky' mandate (Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret, later on in order to relate with kejawen called 'Super Semar'), Suharto declared Communist Party and all it mass organizations were dismissed. All considered leftist or Sukarnoist cabinet members were non actived and arrested or let them to jail.
Since then that tricky and sneaky letter of mandate was declared lost, no body knew where was it till now !
Since then, the most blooded National Tragedy occured ! All persons pointed out as communists and its sympatisants, old and yonger male and females, children and babies were murdered by 'religious group' in Java and by 'nationalist group' in Bali laid by RPKAD (Resimen Komando Angkatan Darat) lead by Sarwo Edhy. After PKI dismissal, massacres were more intensified and reached total victims of 2-3 million people !
The considered leftists and purely Sukarnoists who still alive were categorized in A,go to jail in Buru, a remote island in South Mollucas/Maluku. Categorize B sent to jails in whole places of Indonesia and Categorize C were free but very tightly controled,not toget any jobs because they did not have 'Free G30S Certificate' from the Police ! Because no identity card or if anybody still had an ID the police put on it a special mark. Thus in practiced they compulsary did softly killing. They, who went to jail did not pass any court and they arrested about 14-16 years everage!
For eradication or extermination to the root of Communism, Suharto built a massived and compact structural ABRI (Rep.Indonesia Armed Forces) from the top to Babinsa (Bintara Pembina Desa), non commissioned law enforcement officers posted in villages, affiliated with the civilian administration. Afterwards when he became RI-1, military members held positions of president to RT (neighborhood association) the lowest administrative unit !

US and Western Capitalists were of course very happy to see the extermination of the communist factions of Indonesia without too big expenses. In other countries like mainly Korea and Vietnam they should expended billions of dollar, beside many of their soldiers to be killed. So, it still reasonable if CIA gave their agents , or somebody 'considered to be agents' an amount of money as bonus for his merit!

The Republic of Indonesia

The Republic of Indonesia is a Union State with Five Principles (Panca Sila) nl. 1. Believe in God; 2. Humanism; 3. National Unity; 4. People Sovereignity; 5. Social Justice.

Phisical Revolution was started by the coming of AFNEI (Allied Forces for Netherland East Indies) under British Troops in Surabaya about 2 months after the Proclamation. They still used the name of Netherland East Indies instead of Indonesia and AFNEI consisting also Dutch Army (KL Koninglijke Leger), because Netherland was remain recognized as one of the allied member though not heroicly to fight against German and Japanese attack in the beginning of World War II.
Indonesian people did not fully agree to AFNEI that after they finished their RAPWI mission they tend to put again Indonesia under NICA (Netherland Indie Civil Administration).
Phisical Revolution named by Sukarno, then change as War of Independence by Suharto regime ended in 1948 by Rounded Table Conference. The Netherland Govt. want to have Indonesia as a state of Commonwealth but RI delegates prefer as Federal State recognizing delegates of BFO (Bijeenkomst Federaal Overleg) under Sultan Hamid II.
Repubik Indonesia Serikat (RIS) or Federal State was agreed by RI as win-win solution
just to end the war. Similarly also agreed faith accomply, according to the conference, New Guinea will be discussed after one more year. The dispute of this was continued untill 1963 when RI anounced Trikora (Three People Commands). Then New Guinea under Republic of Indonesia the name was changed becoming Irian Jaya.
The Federal Republic of Indonesia also agreed under Sukarno -Hatta as President and Vice President. The Government moved from Yogyakarta to Jakarta but after only one year RIS returned to RI as Union State again !